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Hallucination Phenomenon
LLM 'hallucinations' occur when models generate false or nonsensical information presented as factual. This happens because models predict plausible-sounding text rather than retrieving verified facts.
Batch Small Requests
If you have many small, independent tasks for an LLM, batch them into a single API call if the model and API support it, rather than many separate calls. This can reduce overhead.
Few-Shot Prompting
Provide a few examples (input/output pairs) in your prompt to guide the LLM's response. This is called few-shot prompting and can significantly improve performance on specific tasks.
Migration Scripts
Generate database migration scripts or data transformation code when moving between different systems or updating schemas.
Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG)
RAG combines pre-trained LLMs with external knowledge retrieval. The LLM's knowledge is augmented by fetching relevant information from a private or dynamic dataset before generating a response, reducing hallucinations and improving factual accuracy.
How many parameters does GPT-4 have?
Content not available.
Configuration File Generation
Ask LLMs to generate configuration files for various tools and frameworks based on your requirements and best practices.
Ethical Considerations in AI
When building with AI, consider potential biases in training data, fairness of outcomes, transparency of decision-making, and the societal impact of your application.
Shorten System Prompts
System prompts are often re-sent with every API call. Keep them concise to save tokens. Use abbreviations or keywords if the model is fine-tuned or understands them.
Arthur C. Clarke on AI
'Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.' - Arthur C. Clarke. This often feels true for modern AI capabilities.
Analyze Token Overlap in Conversations
In chat applications, analyze how much of the conversation history is repeated tokens. Strategies like summarization can reduce this significantly.
Ai safety
The real risk with AI isn't malice but competence. A super-intelligent AI will be extremely good at accomplishing its goals, and if those goals aren't aligned with ours, we have a problem.
Prompt Engineering Guide
A comprehensive resource for learning prompt engineering techniques, best practices, and common patterns for getting the most out of LLMs.
Ai progress
The pace of progress in artificial intelligence is incredibly fast. Unless you have direct exposure to groups like Deepmind, you have no idea how fast—it is growing at a pace close to exponential.
Golden Rule: Garbage In, Garbage Out
The quality of your LLM's output is highly dependent on the quality of your input prompt. Clear, well-structured, and relevant prompts lead to better results.
Hugging Face Transformers Library
An essential open-source library providing thousands of pretrained models for NLP, computer vision, and more. Great for both research and production.
Negative Prompts: Specify What NOT To Do
Sometimes it's effective to tell the LLM what to avoid. For example, 'Write a product description. Do not use clichés or overly technical jargon.'
Ai understanding
By far, the greatest danger of Artificial Intelligence is that people conclude too early that they understand it.
The 'Transformer' Architecture
Most modern LLMs, including GPT and Gemini, are based on the Transformer architecture, introduced in the 2017 paper 'Attention Is All You Need.' Its key innovation is the attention mechanism.
Chain Prompts for Multi-Step Tasks
For complex tasks, chain multiple prompts together. The output of one LLM call becomes the input (or part of the input) for the next. This allows for sophisticated workflows.
Using System Prompts
Many LLM APIs allow for a 'system prompt' or 'system message' which sets the overall behavior, persona, or instructions for the LLM throughout a conversation, separate from user prompts.
Plot Twist Generation
Provide your story setup and ask the LLM to suggest unexpected but logical plot twists that could enhance your narrative.
OpenAI Cookbook
A collection of example code and guides for accomplishing common tasks with the OpenAI API, including best practices and optimization techniques.
Cost-Effective GPT-3.5-Turbo
For the most cost-effective solution, GPT-3.5-Turbo often provides 80% of GPT-4's quality at 10% of the cost.
Video Script Writing
Generate scripts for educational videos, tutorials, or presentations. Include timing cues, visual descriptions, and clear narrative structure.
High-Quality Data for Fine-tuning
If you plan to fine-tune an LLM, the quality of your training data is paramount. Even a small dataset of high-quality, relevant examples can be more effective than a large, noisy one.
LangChain Framework
A powerful framework for developing applications powered by language models, supporting document loading, prompt management, indexes for retrieval, chains, agents, and more.
The 'What, Why, How' Framework
Structure prompts by defining: WHAT you want the LLM to do, WHY it's important (context), and HOW it should do it (format, style, constraints).
What does 'RAG' stand for in AI applications?
Content not available.
Shorten System Prompts
System prompts are often re-sent with every API call. Keep them concise to save tokens. Use abbreviations or keywords if the model is fine-tuned or understands them.
PromptTools
An open-source toolkit for optimizing prompts and evaluating LLM performance through A/B testing and analytics.
Use 'Let's think step by step' for Math Problems
For mathematical or logical reasoning problems, adding the phrase 'Let's think step by step' before the LLM generates its solution significantly improves accuracy.
Structured Input for Complex Tasks
For complex tasks involving multiple pieces of information, provide the input in a structured format (e.g., using JSON within the prompt, or clear headings) to help the LLM parse it correctly.
AI Can Write Code
Many LLMs are proficient at generating code in various programming languages, debugging, explaining code snippets, and even translating code between languages. However, generated code always requires careful review.
Attribute AI-Generated Content
When using LLM-generated content publicly, consider attributing it as AI-assisted or AI-generated, especially in contexts where transparency is important (e.g., news, academic writing).
Meeting Minutes Generation
Provide meeting transcripts to LLMs and ask them to generate structured meeting minutes with action items, decisions, and key discussion points.
Implement Caching
Implement caching strategies for repeated queries to reduce API calls and costs.
A/B Test Prompts
In a production environment, A/B test different prompt variations to empirically determine which ones yield the best results for your key metrics.
Avoid Ambiguity
Review your prompts for ambiguous words or phrases that could be interpreted in multiple ways. Strive for explicitness.
Ai pioneers
Artificial intelligence is the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by men.
Test for Cultural Nuances
When building multilingual AI applications, test responses not just for linguistic accuracy but also for cultural appropriateness and nuances in each target language and region.
Hugging Face Transformers Library
An essential open-source library providing thousands of pretrained models for NLP, computer vision, and more. Great for both research and production.
Emotional Intelligence Prompting
When dealing with sensitive topics, instruct the LLM to consider emotional context: 'Respond with empathy and understanding, considering the emotional state of someone facing this situation.'
The 'Pretend To Be' Prompt
Example: 'I am a software developer. Pretend to be a senior architect and review my proposed design [design details].' Helps frame interaction.
Choose the Right Model for the Task
Don't always use the largest, most expensive model. Smaller, faster models can be sufficient and more cost-effective for simpler tasks. Evaluate tradeoffs between capability, speed, and cost.
Personalized Content Generation
Use LLMs to generate personalized content for users, such as tailored recommendations, custom learning plans, or individualized messages.
Specify 'Don't Know' Option
To reduce hallucinations, explicitly instruct the LLM to say 'I don't know' or a similar phrase if it cannot answer a question confidently or accurately based on the provided context.
LlamaIndex
A data framework for connecting custom data sources to LLMs, providing tools for ingestion, structuring, retrieval, and query interfaces.
Experiment with Temperature Settings
The 'temperature' parameter controls randomness. Lower values (e.g., 0.2) make output more deterministic and focused. Higher values (e.g., 0.8) increase creativity and diversity. Adjust it based on your task.
The Rubber Duck Technique for AI
Ask the LLM to explain your problem back to you in different words. This often reveals assumptions or gaps in your problem description.
Monitor Token Usage Patterns
Set up monitoring for your production LLM applications to track token usage patterns. This helps identify optimization opportunities and avoid unexpected costs when usage scales up.
Mixtral for Open Models
Mistral's Mixtral-8x7B model offers an excellent balance of performance and cost for open models.
Who coined the term 'Artificial Intelligence'?
Content not available.
Social Media Content Generation
Use LLMs to generate social media posts, hashtags, and captions tailored to different platforms and audiences. Specify tone, length, and platform requirements.
Token Economics
Different LLMs tokenize text differently. The same sentence can result in varying token counts across models, directly affecting API costs and context window usage.
Ask for Different Perspectives
When trying to understand a topic, ask the LLM to explain it from different perspectives or viewpoints. This can deepen your comprehension.
Papers With Code
A free resource with machine learning papers, code, and evaluation tables. Great for staying up-to-date with the latest AI research.
Synthetic Data Generation
Use LLMs to generate synthetic data for training other machine learning models, especially when real-world data is scarce or sensitive. Validate quality carefully.
Version Control Prompts
Treat your prompts as code. Use version control (like Git) to track changes, iterate, and collaborate on prompt engineering.
Template Prompts
For recurring tasks, create prompt templates with placeholders for variable inputs. This ensures consistency and makes it easier to automate prompt generation.
Use LLMs for Brainstorming
Stuck for ideas? LLMs are excellent brainstorming partners. Ask for blog post ideas, marketing slogans, plot twists, or research directions. Use their suggestions as a starting point.
Write a Story in 50 Words
Challenge: Use an LLM to write a compelling short story (beginning, middle, end) using exactly 50 words. Experiment with different genres!
Skill Gap Analysis
Ask LLMs to analyze your current skills against job requirements or learning goals, and suggest a personalized learning path to bridge gaps.
What does 'GPT' in GPT-4 stand for?
Content not available.
Break Down Complex Tasks
For complex problems, break them into smaller, manageable steps. Use an LLM for each step, then combine the results. This is often more effective than one large, complicated prompt.
Use TokenCalculator.com
Use TokenCalculator.com to estimate costs before running expensive operations.
Inspirational quotes
The measure of intelligence is the ability to change.
Secure API Keys
Never embed API keys directly in client-side code or public repositories. Use environment variables or secure secret management services.
API Integration Examples
When working with APIs, ask LLMs to generate example code for common integration patterns, including authentication, error handling, and data parsing.
Tokenization Varies by Model
Different LLMs use different tokenizers. The same piece of text can result in a varying number of tokens depending on the model, which impacts cost and context window usage. Tools like TokenCalculator help you see these differences.
What was the first modern chatbot that used machine learning?
Content not available.
Key Info Placement
When processing long documents, try to place key instructions or questions at the beginning or end of the input text. Models sometimes pay more attention to the start/end of context.
Iteratively Debug Code
If LLM-generated code has errors, provide the error message back to the LLM and ask it to debug and fix the code. Iterate until it works.
DeepLearning.AI Courses
Offers a wide range of courses on machine learning, deep learning, and AI, taught by experts like Andrew Ng. Excellent for building foundational and advanced skills.
Statistical Analysis Interpretation
Provide statistical results to an LLM and ask it to explain the findings in plain language, including practical implications and limitations.
GPT-4o Strengths
GPT-4o excels at multi-modal tasks combining text, image, and code understanding.
Attention Mechanism
The attention mechanism in transformers allows models to focus on relevant parts of the input when generating each token, enabling better understanding of long-range dependencies in text.
Future technology
Machine learning is the last invention that humanity will ever need to make.
Ai industry
AI will probably most likely lead to the end of the world, but in the meantime, there'll be great companies.
Fallback Strategies for LLM Failure
Implement fallback strategies in your application for when the LLM fails, returns an error, or provides an unsatisfactory response. Don't let it be a single point of failure.
Gradio
Create user interfaces for machine learning models with just a few lines of Python code. Great for demos and prototypes.
Evaluate Latency Requirements
Consider the latency requirements of your application. Larger models are often slower. Choose a model that balances performance with speed.
Creative Constraint Challenge
Challenge: Write a compelling story using an LLM with these constraints: exactly 100 words, must include the words 'quantum', 'bicycle', and 'grandmother', and cannot use the letter 'e' in the last sentence.
Demis Hassabis on AGI
'AGI will be the most transformative technology humanity has ever created.' - Demis Hassabis (paraphrased).
Security Code Review
Ask LLMs to review code for potential security vulnerabilities, but always follow up with human security experts for critical applications.
Comparative Summarization
Provide two or more texts to an LLM and ask it to generate a summary that highlights the key differences and similarities between them.
Metacognitive Prompting
Ask the LLM to think about its thinking process: 'Before answering, consider what approach would be most effective for this problem and explain your reasoning strategy.'
Monitor Token Usage Patterns
Set up monitoring for your production LLM applications to track token usage patterns. This helps identify optimization opportunities and avoid unexpected costs when usage scales up.
Generate a Recipe from Ingredients
Challenge: Give an LLM a list of random ingredients you have on hand and ask it to generate a coherent and appealing recipe. Try to make it!
Simulate Dialogues
Use an LLM to simulate dialogues for practicing conversations, interviews, or customer service interactions. Define the roles and scenario.
ReAct Prompting (Reason + Act)
A more advanced technique where the LLM is prompted to generate both reasoning traces and actions to take to solve a problem, often interacting with external tools.
Grant Proposal Writing
Generate sections of grant proposals including problem statements, methodology descriptions, and impact assessments for research or nonprofit projects.
Iterative Summarization
For long texts, ask the LLM to summarize section by section, then summarize the summaries. This can be more effective than a single-shot summary of a very long document.
Customer Support Automation
Use LLMs to draft customer support responses, categorize tickets, and suggest solutions based on common issues and knowledge base articles.
Progressive Disclosure
For complex tasks, reveal information progressively. Start with basic requirements, get initial output, then add more specific constraints or details.
Flashcard Generation
Create flashcards for studying by asking LLMs to generate question-answer pairs from your study materials or textbooks.
Specify Output Format for Data
When asking an LLM to analyze or extract data, clearly specify the desired output format (e.g., JSON, CSV, markdown table). This makes the output easier to parse and use programmatically.
Ai warnings
The development of full artificial intelligence could spell the end of the human race.
Request Multiple Options
If you want diverse ideas or solutions, ask the LLM to generate several options (e.g., 'Provide 3 different headlines for this article.'). This gives you more to choose from and refine.
Use LLMs as Tutors
LLMs can be great for learning. Ask them to explain complex concepts in simple terms, quiz you on topics, or provide examples. Specify your current understanding level for tailored explanations.
Specify the Target Audience
When generating content, tell the LLM who the target audience is (e.g., 'Explain this to a 5-year-old,' or 'Write this for an expert audience.'). This helps tailor the complexity and tone.
Inspirational quotes
The measure of intelligence is the ability to change.
Who coined the term 'Artificial Intelligence'?
Content not available.
Refactor Legacy Code
LLMs can assist in refactoring legacy code by suggesting modernizations, improving readability, or even translating to a new language (with careful review).
Explore Multi-Modal Models
Experiment with models that can process and generate not just text, but also images, audio, or video. This opens up many new application possibilities.
Use Delimiters for Clarity
Use delimiters like triple backticks (```), XML tags (<tag></tag>), or quotes ("") to clearly separate different parts of your prompt, such as instructions, context, examples, and input data.
Ask for Multiple Code Solutions
If there are several ways to implement a feature, ask the LLM to provide a few different code solutions along with their pros and cons. This can help you choose the best approach.
Guard Against Prompt Injection
If incorporating user input into prompts, be aware of prompt injection vulnerabilities. Sanitize user inputs or use techniques to separate instructions from user data.
Temperature Ladder Technique
For creative tasks, start with high temperature (0.8-1.0) to generate diverse ideas, then use lower temperature (0.2-0.4) to refine and polish the best concepts.
Isolate the Problematic Part of a Prompt
If a complex prompt isn't working, simplify it. Remove parts one by one to identify which section is causing the issue.
Overcome Writer's Block
If you have writer's block, describe your general idea or last sentence to an LLM and ask for suggestions on what could happen next or different ways to phrase something.
Generate Multiple Drafts
Ask the LLM to generate several different versions or drafts of a creative piece. You can then pick the best one or combine elements from different drafts.
Generate FAQs from Content
Provide a piece of content (like a blog post or documentation) to an LLM and ask it to generate a list of Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) based on it.
Generate Practice Problems
Ask an LLM to generate practice problems or quiz questions for a topic you're learning, along with answers and explanations.
Grounding with Facts
If accuracy on specific facts is crucial, provide those facts within the prompt. This helps to ground the LLM and reduce the chance of hallucinations on those specific points.
Use XML Tags for Structured Output
When you need structured responses, instruct the model to use XML tags. For example: 'Provide your answer in the following format: <summary>Brief overview</summary> <pros>List of advantages</pros> <cons>List of disadvantages</cons>'
Basic Prompt for Summarization
A simple summarization prompt: 'Summarize the following text in three sentences: [Your text here]'. Experiment with sentence count and desired focus.
Emergent Abilities
Large language models exhibit emergent abilities that weren't explicitly trained for, such as few-shot learning, chain-of-thought reasoning, and code generation, which appear at certain model scales.
Temperature and Top_p Parameters
Control LLM output creativity using 'temperature' (randomness) and 'top_p' (nucleus sampling). Lower temperature means more deterministic, focused output. Higher values increase creativity/randomness.
Create Study Guides
Ask an LLM to create comprehensive study guides from textbooks, lecture notes, or research papers. Include key concepts, definitions, and practice questions.
Hypothesis Generation
Use LLMs to generate testable hypotheses based on your research questions and available data, helping guide your analysis direction.
World-Building Assistance
Use LLMs to help build fictional worlds by generating names, cultures, histories, or even maps based on your descriptions and requirements.
Use Keywords for Style/Tone
Incorporate keywords that suggest the desired style or tone, e.g., 'formal', 'casual', 'humorous', 'academic', 'empathetic'.
Generate Regex Patterns
Describe the pattern you want to match in natural language, and ask an LLM to generate the corresponding regular expression. Test it thoroughly.
Training Cost of Large Language Models
Training cutting-edge LLMs like GPT-4 can cost millions of dollars in computing resources, with some estimates placing it at $10-100 million for the largest models.
Request Code Comments
When asking an LLM to generate code, also ask it to include comments explaining the code. This improves readability and maintainability.
Constraint Satisfaction Prompts
Clearly list all constraints the output must satisfy. For example, 'Write a poem about a cat that is exactly 10 lines long and mentions the moon.'
Debate with an LLM
To explore different sides of an argument, ask an LLM to take a specific stance on a topic and then debate it. Instruct it to provide evidence or reasoning for its points.
Content Moderation Assistance
Use LLMs to help moderate user-generated content by flagging potentially harmful, inappropriate, or off-topic posts for human review.
Multimodal AI
Modern AI systems can process multiple types of data simultaneously - text, images, audio, and video - enabling more sophisticated applications like visual question answering and audio-visual understanding.
Socratic Questioning
Use Socratic method prompts: 'Instead of giving me the answer, ask me questions that will help me discover the solution myself.'
Energy Consumption of LLMs
Training a large language model can emit as much carbon as five cars over their lifetimes. However, inference (using a pre-trained model) is much more energy-efficient.
Translate Code Between Languages
LLMs can be surprisingly good at translating code snippets from one programming language to another. Useful for learning new languages or migrating projects.
Explain Quantum Computing to a 5-Year-Old
Challenge: Prompt an LLM to explain a complex topic like quantum computing in simple terms a 5-year-old could understand. Evaluate its clarity and accuracy.
Computing philosophy
The question of whether a computer can think is no more interesting than the question of whether a submarine can swim.
Ask for Code Optimization Suggestions
Provide a working piece of code to an LLM and ask for suggestions on how to optimize it for performance or readability.
Competitive Analysis
Use LLMs to analyze competitors by comparing features, pricing, marketing strategies, and market positioning based on publicly available information.
Performance Benchmarking Code
Ask LLMs to generate benchmarking code to measure the performance of different algorithms or implementations.
Which company developed the Transformer architecture?
Content not available.
Chroma Vector Database
An open-source embedding database that makes it easy to build LLM applications with semantic search capabilities.
Anthropic Claude Documentation
Comprehensive documentation for Claude AI, including prompt engineering tips, safety guidelines, and API usage examples.
LlamaIndex
A data framework for connecting custom data sources to LLMs, providing tools for ingestion, structuring, retrieval, and query interfaces.
Semantic Caching
Beyond exact-match caching, consider semantic caching. If a new prompt is semantically similar to a previously cached one, you might be able to reuse the old response, potentially saving an API call.
What does 'GPT' in GPT-4 stand for?
Content not available.
Provide Context for Code
When asking for code, provide surrounding code snippets or describe the existing architecture. This gives the LLM context, leading to more compatible and accurate code generation.
Provide a 'Glossary' for Specific Terms
If your prompt uses domain-specific jargon or acronyms the LLM might not know, provide a small glossary or definitions within the prompt.
Minimal Token Maximum Impact
Challenge: Create the most effective prompt for a complex task using the fewest possible tokens. Test different approaches and measure both output quality and token efficiency.
Generate Documentation from Code
Provide code to an LLM and ask it to generate documentation (e.g., docstrings, comments, or a README section) for that code.
Prompt Engineering Guide
A comprehensive resource for learning prompt engineering techniques, best practices, and common patterns for getting the most out of LLMs.
LangChain Framework
LangChain is a framework for developing applications powered by language models. It provides modular components for managing prompts, chains, memory, and agents.
Risk Assessment
Use LLMs to identify potential risks in projects, business decisions, or strategies, and suggest mitigation approaches.
Hallucination Phenomenon
LLM 'hallucinations' occur when models generate false or nonsensical information presented as factual. This happens because models predict plausible-sounding text rather than retrieving verified facts.
Zero-Shot vs. Few-Shot Prompting
Zero-shot prompting asks an LLM to perform a task without prior examples. Few-shot prompting provides 1-5 examples within the prompt, often significantly improving performance on novel tasks.
Training LLMs is Expensive
Training state-of-the-art large language models requires massive datasets, significant computational power (often thousands of GPUs), and can cost millions of dollars.
Character Development
Ask LLMs to help develop fictional characters by generating backstories, personality traits, motivations, and character arcs based on your initial concepts.
Abstractive vs. Extractive Summaries
Understand the difference. Extractive summaries use exact sentences from the source. Abstractive summaries generate new sentences. Specify which you prefer, or let the LLM decide if it's good at both.
The Chain-of-Thought Technique
Improve complex reasoning by asking the model to 'think step by step' before giving its final answer. This simple instruction prompts LLMs to break down the problem-solving process, often resulting in more accurate answers.
Workflow Automation Design
Use LLMs to design automated workflows for business processes, including decision trees, approval chains, and exception handling.
Specify Output Format
If you need structured output (e.g., JSON, XML, a list), explicitly ask the LLM to provide it in that format. This often yields better and more parsable results. Example: 'Provide your answer as a JSON object with keys 'name' and 'summary'.'
Be Specific About Length and Detail
If you need a concise summary or a detailed explanation, specify the desired length (e.g., 'in one paragraph,' 'in 100 words,' 'provide a comprehensive overview'). This guides the LLM's output.
Analogy Creation
Ask LLMs to create analogies to help explain complex concepts by relating them to familiar, everyday experiences.
Explore Different Creative Styles
Ask the LLM to write in the style of a specific author, genre, or era. For example, 'Write a poem about a cat in the style of Edgar Allan Poe.' This can lead to fun and surprising results.
Request Error Handling
When asking an LLM to write code, specifically request that it include error handling (e.g., try-catch blocks, input validation).
Claude XML Tags
When using Claude, make use of its XML tags for better structure in your prompts.
What does 'LLM' stand for?
LLM stands for Large Language Model. 'Large' refers to the vast number of parameters the model has and the extensive data it was trained on.
Cross-Model Consistency
Challenge: Design a prompt that produces consistent, high-quality results across different LLM models (GPT, Claude, Gemini). Test and refine until you achieve similar outputs.
Implement Exponential Backoff for Retries
When making API calls to LLMs, implement exponential backoff for retries. This helps manage rate limits and temporary server issues gracefully without overwhelming the API.
Counterfactual Reasoning
Use prompts like 'What would happen if...' or 'How would the outcome change if...' to explore alternative scenarios and their implications.
Weights & Biases (W&B)
A popular MLOps platform for tracking experiments, visualizing model performance, and managing machine learning workflows. Very useful for serious AI development and research.
Specify Language and Version
When asking for code, specify the programming language and, if relevant, the version (e.g., 'Python 3.9', 'JavaScript ES6'). This helps avoid ambiguity and deprecated features.
Survey Design Assistance
Use LLMs to help design survey questions, ensuring they're unbiased, clear, and likely to generate useful data for your research goals.
Reflection or Self-Critique Prompts
Ask the LLM to critique its own previous answer and then improve it. For example: 'Here is your previous response: [response]. Please identify any flaws and provide an improved version.'
Dialogue Generation
Provide context about characters and a situation, and ask the LLM to write dialogue between them. Specify tone and subtext if needed.
Understand Rate Limits
Be aware of API rate limits (requests per minute/day). Design your application to handle these gracefully, perhaps with retries and exponential backoff.
Role-Playing Prompts
Instruct the LLM to adopt a specific persona or role (e.g., 'You are a helpful assistant specializing in physics.'). This can significantly shape the tone, style, and content of its responses.
Use XML Tags for Structured Output
When you need structured responses, instruct the model to use XML tags. For example: 'Provide your answer in the following format: <summary>Brief overview</summary> <pros>List of advantages</pros> <cons>List of disadvantages</cons>'
Training Cost of Large Language Models
Training cutting-edge LLMs like GPT-4 can cost millions of dollars in computing resources, with some estimates placing it at $10-100 million for the largest models.
The Turing Test
The Turing Test, proposed by Alan Turing in 1950, tests a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior indistinguishable from a human. Despite advances in AI, no system has conclusively passed a rigorous version of the test.
Computing philosophy
The question of whether a computer can think is no more interesting than the question of whether a submarine can swim.
Explain 'ELI5' (Explain Like I'm 5)
A classic prompt technique: ask the LLM to 'Explain [complex topic] like I'm 5 years old.' This forces very simple, clear explanations.
PromptTools
An open-source toolkit for optimizing prompts and evaluating LLM performance through A/B testing and analytics.
Mock Data Generation
Generate realistic mock data for testing applications, including user profiles, transaction records, and sample content that matches your schema.
Concept Mapping
Ask LLMs to create concept maps or mind maps for complex topics, showing relationships between different ideas and concepts.
Sentiment Analysis with Nuance
When performing sentiment analysis, ask the LLM to not just classify as positive/negative/neutral, but also to identify specific emotions or nuances in the text.
Pinecone Vector Database
A managed vector database service optimized for machine learning applications, perfect for building RAG systems and semantic search.
Language Learning Practice
Use LLMs as conversation partners for language learning. Practice dialogues, get grammar corrections, and learn cultural context for different languages.
Ai safety
The real risk with AI isn't malice but competence. A super-intelligent AI will be extremely good at accomplishing its goals, and if those goals aren't aligned with ours, we have a problem.
Negative Space Prompting
Define what you DON'T want as clearly as what you DO want. Example: 'Write a professional email. Do not use slang, emojis, or overly casual language.'
Structured Prompts for Complex Tasks
For intricate tasks, consider a structured prompt with sections like: ROLE, CONTEXT, TASK, OUTPUT_FORMAT, EXAMPLES. This organization helps the LLM understand requirements better.
Ai perspectives
AI is a tool. The choice about how it is used is ours.
Research Paper Summarization
Use LLMs to summarize academic papers, extract key findings, and identify research gaps or future directions in specific fields.
Embrace Constraints
Adding constraints to your prompt (e.g., word count, specific keywords to include/exclude, format requirements) can often lead to more focused and useful outputs from the LLM.
Building a Prompt Template System
Create reusable prompt templates: 1) Identify common prompt patterns in your application, 2) Extract variable parts into placeholders, 3) Create template functions with parameter validation, 4) Build a library of tested templates, 5) Implement version control for template changes.
Request Data Visualisation Ideas
After an LLM analyzes data, ask it to suggest appropriate ways to visualize that data (e.g., 'What type of chart would best represent these trends?').
Implement Content Filtering
If your application involves user-generated content that is then processed by an LLM, or if the LLM generates content for users, implement content filtering for harmful or inappropriate material.
Ai pioneers
Artificial intelligence is the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by men.
Technical Documentation
Generate user manuals, API documentation, and technical guides. Ensure clarity for your target audience's technical level.
Validate and Sanitize LLM Outputs
If LLM outputs are displayed to users or used in other systems, always validate and sanitize them to prevent injection attacks or the display of inappropriate content.
What does 'BERT' stand for in the context of AI?
Content not available.
Context Window Awareness
Understand the context window limit of the model you are using. Information outside this window will be ignored. For long interactions, summarization or RAG is key.
Regenerate for Different Results
If you're not satisfied with an LLM's response, simply try regenerating it. Due to the probabilistic nature of LLMs, you might get a better answer on a subsequent attempt, especially with higher temperature settings.
The 'Assume Role' Technique
Start your prompt with 'Assume the role of a [expert/character].' This helps the LLM adopt the desired persona and knowledge base more effectively.
Iterative Image Prompting
Similar to text, image generation benefits from iteration. Start with a basic prompt, then refine it by adding details, styles (e.g., 'photorealistic', 'impressionist'), or camera angles.
Break Down Complex Tasks
If an LLM struggles with a complex task, break it into smaller, simpler sub-tasks. Solve each part sequentially, and then combine the results. This is often more effective than one large prompt.
Fine-Tuning for Common Tasks
If you perform a specific task repeatedly with long prompts, consider fine-tuning a smaller model. This can significantly reduce token count and improve performance for that task.
Product Descriptions
Generate compelling product descriptions that highlight features, benefits, and use cases. Specify target audience and desired tone.
Iterative Refinement Protocol
Establish a protocol: 'After each response, I'll provide feedback. Use this feedback to improve your next response while maintaining the core requirements.'
Chain of Density Prompting
To generate more detailed and nuanced content, first ask for a brief outline, then ask the LLM to expand on each point, and then ask it to add specific examples or data. This is a form of 'Chain of Density'.
The Turing Test
The Turing Test, proposed by Alan Turing in 1950, tests a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior indistinguishable from a human. Despite advances in AI, no system has conclusively passed a rigorous version of the test.
Ai perspectives
AI is a tool. The choice about how it is used is ours.
Draft Emails and Reports Quickly
Use LLMs to generate first drafts of emails, reports, or other documents. Provide key points and desired tone, then refine the output. This can save significant time.
Poetry Generation
Experiment with different poetic forms and styles. Specify meter, rhyme scheme, theme, and mood for more targeted results.
Use for Boilerplate Code
LLMs are excellent at generating boilerplate code for common patterns (e.g., setting up a new class, a basic API endpoint, HTML structure).
Use Output Priming
Start the desired output for the LLM. For instance, if you want a list, start your prompt with the beginning of the list: 'Here are the steps:
1.' This can guide the model effectively.
Specify Language and Dialect
When requesting translations, be precise about the target language and, if necessary, the dialect (e.g., 'Translate to French (Canadian)'). This ensures more accurate and culturally appropriate translations.
Weights & Biases
MLOps platform for experiment tracking, model management, and collaboration in machine learning projects.
Iterate on Your Prompts
Don't expect the perfect response on your first try. Prompt engineering is an iterative process. Refine your prompts based on the LLM's output to improve results. Small changes can make a big difference.
LangChain Framework
A powerful framework for developing applications powered by language models, supporting document loading, prompt management, indexes for retrieval, chains, agents, and more.
Database Query Optimization
Provide slow database queries to an LLM and ask for optimization suggestions, including index recommendations and query restructuring.
Streamlit
A Python framework for building interactive web applications for machine learning and data science projects with minimal code.
Setting Up Token Monitoring
Monitor your LLM usage to optimize costs: 1) Implement logging for all API calls, 2) Track tokens per request and response, 3) Set up alerts for unusual usage patterns, 4) Create dashboards showing cost trends, 5) Analyze which prompts are most expensive and optimize them.
Constraint Relaxation
If initial constraints are too restrictive and yield poor results, gradually relax them: 'If the previous constraints are too limiting, suggest the closest possible alternative.'
DeepLearning.AI Courses
Offers a wide range of courses on machine learning, deep learning, and AI, taught by experts like Andrew Ng. Excellent for building foundational and advanced skills.
TensorFlow & PyTorch
These are foundational open-source machine learning frameworks used for building and training deep learning models, including many LLMs.
Instruction Priming
Start your prompt with a clear instruction like 'Translate the following text to French:' before providing the text itself. This primes the model for the task.
Use 'Stop Sequences'
Use stop sequences to tell the model when to stop generating text. This is useful for preventing run-on sentences or irrelevant content after the desired output.
Be Wary of Long Conversations
In conversational AI, the entire chat history is often sent with each new message, increasing token count. Summarize or truncate past history for long conversations to manage costs.
Perspective Taking
Ask the LLM to consider multiple perspectives: 'Analyze this issue from the viewpoint of [stakeholder A], [stakeholder B], and [stakeholder C].'
Consider Dual Use
Be mindful of how your AI application could be misused (dual-use problem). Design with safety and responsible AI principles in mind from the start.
Multimodal LLMs
Modern LLMs are increasingly multimodal, meaning they can process and generate information across different types of data, such as text, images, audio, and even video.
What was the first modern chatbot that used machine learning?
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Case Study Analysis
Provide business or academic case studies to LLMs and ask for analysis, including problem identification, solution evaluation, and lessons learned.
Self-Correction Prompts
Ask the LLM to review its own previous output for errors or areas of improvement. 'Review your previous response. Are there any inaccuracies or ways to make it clearer?'
Understand Token Boundaries
Use a tokenizer tool (like the one on TokenCalculator.com!) to see how your text is split into tokens. This helps you understand why certain phrasing might consume more tokens and how to optimize it.
The Chain-of-Thought Technique
Improve complex reasoning by asking the model to 'think step by step' before giving its final answer. This simple instruction prompts LLMs to break down the problem-solving process, often resulting in more accurate answers.
AI Hallucinations
LLMs can sometimes 'hallucinate,' meaning they generate plausible-sounding but incorrect or nonsensical information. Always verify critical information from LLM outputs.
How many parameters does GPT-4 have?
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Paraphrasing and Rephrasing
Use LLMs to paraphrase text to avoid plagiarism, simplify complex language, or adapt content for different audiences. Always review for accuracy.
What is the maximum context length of GPT-4 Turbo?
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Energy Consumption of LLMs
Training a large language model can emit as much carbon as five cars over their lifetimes. However, inference (using a pre-trained model) is much more energy-efficient.
Press Release Writing
Generate press releases for company announcements, product launches, or events. Include all essential elements: headline, dateline, body, and boilerplate.
Impose Constraints for Creativity
Sometimes, imposing unusual constraints can spark more creative LLM outputs. E.g., 'Write a story without using the letter E,' or 'Describe a color to someone who is blind.'
Request Unit Tests
When an LLM generates code, ask it to also generate unit tests for that code. This helps ensure correctness and makes future refactoring safer.
Email Marketing Templates
Generate email marketing templates for different purposes: welcome emails, newsletters, promotional campaigns, and follow-up sequences.
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